Examples of immediate causes
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Transboundary Problem |
Examples of Immediate or Technical Causes |
TDA |
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Pollution |
Discharge of untreated industrial effluents Diffuse pollution from improper application of fertilizers Point and diffuse sources of effluent from livestock farms Pumping of polluted water from mines |
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Fisheries |
Excessive fisheries effort/overfishing Destruction of benthic habitats Damage to nursery/spawning areas Destructive fishing methods |
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Changes in Biodiversity |
Discharge of untreated ballast waters Exotic species introduction (notably Mnemiopsis leidyi) Sediments, pesticides and pollution from land-based activities |
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Degradation of Habitats |
Changes in land use Conversion of mangroves for agriculture, aquaculture (shrimp), and salt production |
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Changes in hydrological regime |
Damming for abstraction |
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Introduction of exotic species |
Transport of fouling organisms attached to ships’ hulls. |
