http://iwlearn.net International Waters(IW) documents archive. hourly 1 2005-10-19T11:46:34Z http://iwlearn.net/publications/SAP A Strategic Action Programme (SAP) is an agreement among participating countries on actions needed to resolve priority threats to international waters, including actions for the national benefit of each country, actions addressing transboundary issues and institutional mechanisms at regional and national level for implementation of those actions. No publisher deepajani 2006-09-27T10:21:20Z Folder http://iwlearn.net/publications/TDA A Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis is a scientific and technical assessment, through which the water-related environmental issues and problems of a region are identified and quantified, their causes analysed and their impacts, both environmental and economic, assessed. No publisher deepajani 2005-09-29T10:05:46Z Folder http://iwlearn.net/publications/mne The GEF Evaluation Office and the GEF Implementing Agencies conduct different studies and evaluations that assess topics of concern to all GEF operational programs. These studies provide a basis for decision-making and lesson learning on a specific theme; for a specific focal area (climate change, biodiversity, international water) or operational program, or for cross-cutting issues that apply across focal areas and projects. No publisher deepajani 2005-09-29T10:05:46Z Folder http://iwlearn.net/publications/gef-policies-and-programmes-documents Documents on Global Environment Facility (GEF) International Waters Operational Policies and programmes No publisher deepa 2005-09-29T10:05:46Z Folder http://iwlearn.net/publications/experience-note The GEF International Waters Experience Notes help the Transboundary Water Management (TWM) community share its practical experiences in promoting better TWM. Experiences include successful practices, approaches, strategies, lessons, and methodologies, that emerge in the context of TWM. No publisher deepajani 2006-08-03T06:43:03Z Folder http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports The Regional Seas Programme was initiated by UNEP in 1974 as a global programme implemented through regional components. No publisher Richard Cooper 2009-02-24T05:32:13Z Folder http://iwlearn.net/publications/courses IW:LEARN courses and guidelines No publisher deepa 2007-05-29T14:43:39Z Folder http://iwlearn.net/publications/ll No publisher deepajani 2005-09-29T10:07:15Z Folder http://iwlearn.net/publications/prd Documents archived in this section include: project factsheets; project briefs and PDF-Bs; project documents; project information documents; reports; logframe analysis; legal conventions; terminal evaluations; final project summaries; project proposal preparation materials; and other related documents. No publisher deepajani 2005-09-29T10:05:46Z Folder http://iwlearn.net/publications/mag No publisher deepajani 2005-09-29T10:05:46Z Folder http://iwlearn.net/publications/kp No publisher deepajani 2005-09-29T10:05:46Z Folder http://iwlearn.net/publications/misc Other Document that do not fit into any of the above categories No publisher christian 2005-10-10T09:04:17Z Folder http://iwlearn.net/publications/copy_of_kp No publisher deepajani 2005-09-29T10:05:46Z Folder http://iwlearn.net/publications/IW-LEARN%20Phase%20II%20-%20August%202009.pdf No publisher admin 2009-12-09T15:04:48Z File http://iwlearn.net/publications/ballastwater_planktonmanagement.pdf The worldwide transfer and introduction of non-indigenous invasive aquatic organisms via ships’ ballast water has been amply demonstrated to cause significant ecological, economic and human health impacts. Possible solutions to the problem include: 1) treating ballast water to remove or destroy unwanted organisms; 2) re-designing new vessels to eliminate the need to discharge ballast water; and 3) retaining ballast water onboard. Ballast water exchange is currently the only widely acceptable and suggested (sometimes even required) procedure to minimise the risk of ballast water mediated invasions but the variable efficacy and operational limitations of this approach have led to significant financial investment in the last two decades in the research and development of more effective shipboard and shore based ballast water treatment technologies. Specific technologies under consideration include mechanical separation, heat treatment, UV irradiation, cavitation, de-oxygenation and active substances. To date, no single treatment option has proved to be universally effective and increasing attention has focused on multicomponent treatment systems. The high flow rates and volumes of ballast water that must be treated pose significant technological challenges, and the presence of sediment in ballast tanks reduces the efficacy of many treatment options as this provides a habitat for resistant organisms such as resting stages of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Mechanical separation devices would best be used as a primary stage of a treatment system comprising multiple technologies because free-living organisms and sediment below a certain size are likely to be largely unaffected. UV treatment systems are unlikely to eliminate all ballast water organisms, as they are not able to deliver a stable lethal dose across a wide range of water quality conditions and many organisms are resistant to UV exposure or can recuperate after treatment. At the current stage of development, cavitation would not be considered appropriate for the shipboard treatment of ballast water due to high capital and operating costs and high power requirements. The heating of ballast water using waste heat from ships’ engines has been claimed to be a practical and cost effective treatment options for eliminating ballast water zooplankton and phytoplankton (including resting stages) but concerns have been expressed that attainable temperatures may not eliminate all bacterial pathogens, that this approach does not apply to ships traversing colder seas and may impact on the integrity of vessel structures. Promising research has been conducted on several systems that are able to achieve temperatures capable of eliminating bacteria but these technologies are still under development. De-oxygenation by the addition of glucose or reducing agents are not effective treatment options, however deoxygenation technologies based on the injection of an inert gas are more promising (notably against larval and adult zooplankton) as they could be cost effective and do not impact on the aquatic environment as ballast water is re-oxygenated prior to discharge. Biocide dosing systems have low capital costs and power requirements but the costs of active substances are significant. Chemical treatment costs and space requirements can be significantly reduced by using onboard chemical generators but the capital cost of these systems is significant and all have biological efficacy, safety, operational and environmental (poor biodegradation) concerns. Treatment systems that produce free hydroxyl radicals would be favourable over other chemical treatments as they are claimed to produce less or no toxic by-products at ballast discharge but these technologies have high power requirements. Each treatment option requires further research on their biological and operational efficacy and safety under full-scale shipboard conditions. As of July 2009, 16 promising systems using active substances had received basic approval and 8 systems final approval from IMO, with 4 systems receiving type approval certification and 2 systems receiving national approval certification. Effectively eliminating the risk of ballast water mediated invasions still remains a monumental technological and economical challenge. Matthew Gregg1,2, Geoff Rigby3 and Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff1* 1School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia 2Present address: Invasive Marine Species Program, Biological Quarantine Operations and Marine Pests, Biosecurity Services Group, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, GPO Box 858, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia 336 Creswell Avenue, Charlestown NSW 2290, Australia E-mail: Hallegraeff@utas.edu.au (GMH), Matthew.Gregg@daff.gov.au (MG), rigby@mail.com (GR) *Corresponding author No publisher admin 2010-01-21T10:03:52Z File